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Most cars today come standard with halogen headlights. When shopping for a new halogen light, the auto shop will have a book to look up the bulb needed for your vehicle, but you may want to know the amperage of the bulb, especially if you have non-factory headlamps.

55-Watt Bulb

A 55-watt bulb run at 12 volts and draws 4.58 amps. These bulbs typically provide about 4,000 candela -- a measurement of light intensity. While they use only 55 watts, these halogen bulbs deliver 100 to 125 watts of light. 55-watt bulbs are typically used for standard headlights.

60-Watt Bulb

A 60-watt halogen bulb draws 5 amps of power. These bulbs have an intensity of about 4,000 candela and deliver around 135 watts of light. High beam headlights generally use a 60-watt bulb.

35-Watt Bulb

A 35-watt halogen bulb running at 12 volts draws 2.92 amps. These lamps are typically used as fog lights and deliver 70 watts of light while using only 35 watts of power.

45-Watt Bulb

A 45-watt bulb draws 3.75 amps of power running at 12 volts. These lamps deliver 95 watts of light. The 45-watt bulb is used in some vehicles as the standard headlight bulb.

The 2010 Subaru Outback came in six trims, but the rear alignment specs were the same for all. However, the alignment specs for 2010 should not be applied to other model years. For instance, the rear wheels of a 2010 Outback should have toe-in, while the rear wheels of a 2009 Subaru should have toe-out. This is significant, as inaccurate toe settings are the leading cause of tire wire due to misaligned wheels. Also, the caster is not adjustable on the rear end of the 2010 Outback.

Camber

The camber angle is the measurement of the way a wheel tilts as it is viewed from the front or rear of the vehicle. If the top tilts outward, away from the center of the vehicle, then the wheel has positive camber. If the wheel tilts inward, toward the center of the vehicle, the the wheel has negative camber. The ideal camber angle setting for the rear end of the 2010 Subaru Outback is zero but it can range by 0.75 degrees in either direction.

Toe

Toe is the angle of a wheel in relation to the centerline of a vehicle. Most vehicles are designed for a wheel to have toe-in, meaning the fronts of the wheels will angle slightly inward toward the centerline of the vehicle. Toe-in is given in positive degrees or inches, while toe-out is given in negative degrees or inches. The toe-in on the rear end of a 2010 Subaru Outback should be set at +0.17 degrees, but it can range by 0.25 degrees in either direction. Tires should wear less the closer they are set to the ideal angle.

Thrust Angle

As with toe, thrust angle is related to the way that the wheels are angled in relation to centerline of the vehicle. However, thrust angle ers specifically to the angle of the rear wheels. It is never adjustable on the front end, and on vehicles where the toe is not adjustable on the rear end, the thrust angle must be compensated for by adjusting the toe on the front end. The thrust angle on the rear end of the 2010 Subaru Outback should be +0.5 degrees.

Compac has been producing measuring instruments such as dial indicators, test indicators, and dial bore gauges since the 1940s. Originally founded as an independent company in Geneva, Switzerland, the company has since merged with the Tesa Division of Hexagon Metrology in Renens, Switzerland, which also produced Bestest, Tesatast, and Interapid indicators.

Compac Test Indicators

Compac produces two types of test indicators, including the single revolution (standard range) model and the multiple revolution (long-range) model. The single-revolution indicators are produced in an inch-reading horizontal model and a metric horizontal model. Each is available in a range of graduations: as small as .0005 millimeter (mm) and as large as .01 mm, and total range as small as .2 mm and as large as .8 mm. The multiple-revolution indicators are also available in inch-reading and metric horizontal models, with both vertical and parallel capabilities in a wide range of specs.

Compac Dial Indicators

Compac produces three variations of dial indicators, including small dial (40 mm), large dial (58 mm), and long-range (25 mm and more) models. The small-dial indicators come in a similar range of inch-reading and metric models as the test indicators. They are also available in waterproof and high-resolution aspects. The large-dial and long-range models are both only available as metric models. A variety of lug backs are available, including metal back with 8 mm fixed shank for all 58 mm models and lug back on and off center with .25-inch hole for all 40 mm models.

Dial Bore Gauges

Compac has produced dial bore gauges both in inch-reading and metric models, though at the time of this article only the metric models are still in production. These indicators are comprised of two sections: the measuring head and the dial bore indicator, both of which can be customized to a range of specs. The dial bore indicators are available in graduations of .002 mm, .001 mm, and .01 mm in standard format, as well as in small dial format at .002 mm and .001 mm. The measuring heads come as wide as small as 3.75 mm and as wide as 500 mm.

History of Compac Indicators

During the 1950 and 1960s, Compac of Geneva produced the best-selling import of indicators and dial bore gauge s in the United States, sold under the name Alina. In Europe, these same indicators were sold under the name Parvus. In the 1970s, the current Compac models began production and have remained almost exactly the same since their inception. They have also been sold under the name Mercer in the UK and as SPI in the United States.

The Honda Accord EX wagon was introduced in 1991. The EX was the upmarket version of the Accord wagon, with a 140-horsepower engine and four-wheel anti-lock disc brakes. Accord wagons are known for their reliability, but most owners will need to purchase at least one new battery during their cars lifetime.

About Batteries

Most cars require a 12-volt, six-cell, negative grounded, lead-acid battery. Batteries are produced by a number of manufacturers. Batteries differ in their cold-cranking amps and reserve capacity. BatteryFAQ.org recommends buying a battery with the maximum available reserve capacity and the maximum cold-cranking amps for your climate. Cold-cranking amps (CCA) can vary from 450 to 850. If you live in a colder climate, you should choose a battery rated with greater CCA.

Battery Size

Batteries are classified into "BCI group numbers," commonly erred to as "sizes." The numerical battery size, such as 24, 35 or 75, takes into account the physical dimensions of the battery, whether the terminals are on the top or side, and its polarity. The 1991 Honda Accord EX wagon requires battery size 24. Size-24 batteries are no larger than 10.25 inches in height, 6.8125 inches wide, and 8.875 inches long. Be caul not to buy a size-24F battery, which would have the terminals reversed.

Battery Freshness

Batteries are stamped with a manufacturing date. Since batteries are perishable, you should always select a battery produced within the last year. BatteryFAQ.com recommends only purchasing a battery manufactured in the last six months.

The Focus is a front-wheel drive economy car introduced by Ford in 2000. It is a "world car" sold with the same basic body type across the globe, with only minor changes made to its handling and steering in some markets outside the United States. It was the first vehicle produced under Fords newly-developed global development strategy, which sought to streamline production and reduce costs. The Focus quickly became one of Fords best-selling cars worldwide.



The Focus retained its original body and design until 2008, when Ford revamped it and introduced the second generation of the vehicle. In 2002 the Focus was available as a 3-door hatchback, a 4-door sedan, a 5-door hatchback or a wagon.

General Alignment Information

The alignment specs for all trims of the 2002 Ford Focus wagon are the same. However, the alignment specs for the 2002 Ford Focus wagon trims do not apply to the other trims of the vehicle for that year. The caster, camber and toe-in are adjustable on the front wheels of 2002 Ford Focus wagons. The camber is not adjustable on their rear wheels.

The aligning of the caster of a vehicle can be a tricky task. It is always best to consult an owners manual or a certified mechanic before attempting to perform your own auto repairs. For more information on vehicle alignment, see the article "A Short Course on Wheel Alignment" linked in the Resources section below.

Front Wheel Specs

The limits for the caster angle of the front wheels of the 2002 Ford Focus are +1.87 to +3.89 degrees, with the ideal angle being +2.88 degrees.

The limits for the camber angle of the front wheels are -1.89 to +0.63, with the ideal angle being -0.63 degrees.

The toe-in can range, by degrees, from -0.12 to +0.12, with the ideal being zero.

Rear Wheel Specs

The limits for the caster angle of the rear wheels for the 2002 Ford Focus wagon are -2.22 to +0.34, with the ideal angle being -0.94 degrees.

The toe-in for the rear wheels can range, by degrees, from +0.3 to +0.7, with the ideal being +0.5

BMW automobiles have a sterling reputation for durability and overall customer satisfaction, according to Pelican Parts. In addition to engine and electrical components, alignment specifications are important to keep your BMW physically balanced and safe to handle. If your steering wheel seems misaligned or your car veers to the left or right it may be time for an alignment adjustment. Standard BMWs may included "nonadjustable" alignment components, so see an automotive professional with questions or concerns.

BMW Camber

Camber alignment specifications are included on the front and back end of a BMW. A zero camber design means tires sit perfectly upright on both the left and right side of the vehicle, making tire pressure evenly distributed. Negative camber indicates tires that tilt towards one another while positive camber ers to tires tilting outwards. BMWs may require various manipulations of camber, depending on the model. A BMW 3-Series, for example, best handles on standard street conditions and vehicle turns when the camber is slightly negative.

BMW Caster

Caster relates to steering alignment. Zero caster ers to a steering axis that, when angled vertically, provides for straight driving. Positive caster indicates strut angling toward the back end of the vehicle, while negative caster means strut angling toward the front. BMW caster --- as with camber --- varies depending upon the model, although most models require 3-9 degrees of angle variety. Front-end and back-end caster can be analyzed independently.

BMW Toe

Toe-in ers to tires where the front edges are angled closer together than back edges. Alternatively, toe-out means tires that angle into each other more on the back edge. Toe helps cars handle while making wide and sharp turns. Toe is adjusted by manipulating the tie rods. Minimal toe-out calibrations may be required for some BMW models, although tires with "neutral" toe are usually most reliable.

The Airtex E2042 is an electronic fuel pump designed to meet or exceed original manufacturer equipment standards. The pump is compatible with many automobile models. Airtex fuel pumps are specially designed to block fuel contaminants and perform quietly. Special features help extend pump life. The suggested retail price for the Airtex E2042 fuel pump is about $65.

Outer Body

The Airtex E2042 electric fuel pump is constructed from high-grade aluminum. The material inhibits corrosion and reduces total pump weight. The inlet is attached to a strainer. The outlet measures 5/16 inch and attaches to an outlet hose.

Inner Mechanics

The Airtex E2042 electric fuel pump has a maximum free flow rate of 35 gallons per hour; the minimum flow rate is 30 gallons per hour. The maximum pressure range is 90 pounds per square inch; the minimum pressure range is 80 psi. An inlet screen shields the pumping section from contaminants. Brush and terminal assembly prolong pump life and promote reliable performance. Consistent pressure is maintained with a ball check valve. The E2042 has a radio interference filter that prevents vehicle radios from broadcasting fuel pump noises.

Compatibility

The Airtex E2042 electric fuel pump is compatible with a number of vehicles. Ford vehicle models such as the Escort, Crown Victoria and Taurus are compatible with the pump. The Lincoln Continental and Mercury Sable also use the E2042, as do the 1989 Saab 900s.

First introduced in 1976, the Accord is a mid-sized family vehicle manufactured by Honda and sold internationally. All Accord sedans require periodic adjustment, often erred to as "alignment." The factory specifications for the alignment are the same for all 2001 Accord models. These specifications stem from a vehicle at curb height with one-half tank of fuel.

Camber

Measured in degrees, camber represents the outward or inward tilt of the wheel in relation to the center of the vehicle. The Accord camber angle should be the same on both left and right wheels. Camber angles must be +0.0 degrees with the measuring accuracy of 0.1 degree on the front wheels and -0.30 degrees with the measuring accuracy of 0.1 degree on the rear wheels.

Caster

Caster represents both the rearward and the forward tilt of the steering knuckle from the true vertical. Caster is the measurement in angles that is responsible for directional stability. The Accord caster angle should be the same on both rear and front wheels. The angle must be +2.48 degrees with the maximum allowable difference of 0.1 degree.

Toe

Toe represents the difference between the leading and trailing inside edges of the front wheels. The factory specification for the 2001 Accord is 0 mm with maximum allowable difference of 2 mm (0, 1/16 inches).

The Ford E-150 is a no-frills cargo van with three doors often used by small businesses to deliver goods and sometimes people. The 1994 model year for this vehicle features a large fuel tank and a class-competitive engine that provides enough acceleration even when carrying heavy loads.

Engine

The 1994 Ford E-150 is equipped with a 4.9-liter, overhead valve V6 engine. Peak horsepower for the vehicle is 150 at 3,400 rpm with maximum torque of 260 foot-pounds at 2,000 rpm. The engine also uses a 95-amp alternator and a 72-amp battery as part of its ignition system, according to the Cars website. Bore and stroke measure 4.00 inches by 3.98 inches.

Transmission and Fuel Economy

The rear-wheel-drive E-150 uses a three-speed automatic transmission with electronic fuel induction. Total fuel tank capacity is 35 gallons. According to MSN Auto, estimated fuel economy for the 1994 E-150 is 14 miles per gallon in the city and 16 mpg on the highway. This is the best fuel economy for Fords line of vans for the model year.

Dimensions

Exterior length of the 1994 E-150 is 221.8 inches with an exterior body width of 79.5 inches. The vehicles height is 80.7 inches and its wheelbase is 138 inches. Gross vehicle weight is 6,050 pounds with a maximum payload of 1,370 pounds. The E-150 has about 260 cubic feet of interior cargo space and a standard axle ratio of 3.54:1.

Chevy introduced the Equinox in 2005. According to Edmunds.com, the Equinox is one of a growing number of "plus-sized small crossover SUVs" that combine the style and utility of a traditional SUV while providing better driving dynamics and fuel economy. The Equinox is currently in its second generation, after Chevy redesigned it for the 2010 model year.

General Alignment Information

The 2010 Chevy Equinox came in several all-wheel drive and four-wheel drive trims. However, the alignment specs were the same for all trims. The caster, camber and toe-in were adjustable on the front end, while the camber, toe-in and thrust angle were adjustable on the rear end. The caster is the angle of an imaginary line drawn through the upper steering pivot and the lower steering pivot of a wheel when measured from the side of a vehicle. The camber is the way that a wheel tilts when looked at from the front of the vehicle. The toe-in of a wheel is the angle the wheels point in relation to the center line of the vehicle. The thrust angle is the angle of the rear wheels in relation to the center line of the vehicle.

Front End Alignment

The caster on the front end of the 2010 Chevy Equinox should be set between +0.75 and +2.45 degrees, with a cross tolerance of +0.75 degree. The camber angle on the front end should be set between -0.4 degree and +0.75 degree, with a cross tolerance of +0.75 degree. The ideal setting for the front toe-in is +0.2 degree.

Rear End Alignment

The camber angle on the rear end of the 2010 Chevy Equinox should be set between -0.5 degree and +0.75 degree. The caster is not adjustable on the rear end. The rear toe-in can range from +0.1 degree to +0.2 degree. The thrust angle should be 0.2 degree. Correcting the toe-in on the front and rear ends should automatically correct the thrust angle and center the steering.

Camber is the angle that a wheel tilts when viewed from the front of the vehicle. If the top of the wheel tilts out, the wheel has a positive camber. If it tilts in, it has a negative camber. Camber measurements are usually given in degrees, but they are also sometimes given in inches. Most vehicles from the early 1900s came with fixed front and rear axles, and it is still common for vehicles to have fixed rear axles. The preferred caster angle varies significantly from make to make and model to model, and it often varies from year to year and even trim to trim of a given model.

Early American Cars

Early Fords came with fixed axles and the preferred camber setting for most models was +0.25 to +1.0 degree, likewise most early Chevrolets with fixed axles called for a preferred camber setting of +0.5 to +1.5 degrees and early Mopar vehicles with fixed axles had an ideal camber setting of +0.25 to +0.75 degrees. However, the preferred settings could vary from model to model and year to year. It is extremely important to find the camber settings for the specific model, model year and trim before attempting to make any adjustments.

Contemporary Cars

For contemporary vehicles, the camber is usually adjustable only on the front end, unless the vehicle has independent rear suspension. Vehicles without independent rear suspension, such as most pickup trucks, will have a fixed rear axle. The ideal camber is usually zero for fixed axles on contemporary vehicles. If the camber angle is not the ideal setting, it suggests a bent or damaged part rather than an alignment problem, and it cannot be adjusted by normal wheel alignment techniques and more than likely will require more extensive repairs.

Heavy-Duty Vehicles

It is still common for tractor-trailers, buses and RVs to come with fixed front axles. As with other types of vehicles, the camber specs can range from make to make and model to model of heavy-duty vehicles. However, Bee Line, an industry leader in heavy-duty truck alignment equipment, uses zero to +0.4 degrees as an industry standard for the preferred setting of fixed steering axles. Adjusting the camber on heavy-duty vehicles normally requires applying several tones of pressure to bend the vehicles axle.

Toyota introduced the mid-sized Tacoma pickup truck in 1995. A second-generation Tacoma was introduced in 2005. For the 2009 model year, the Tacoma was available in several two- and four-wheel-drive trims of the Regular Cab, Access Cab and Double Cab models with long or short beds. The alignment specs vary significantly from model to model and from trim to trim. Before attempting to align the wheels of a 2009 Tacoma, it is absolutely necessary to identify the exact model and trim of the vehicle being aligned. The specs discussed below are for the Regular Cab two-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive trims only and should not be used on other models or trims of the vehicle. The rear end is not adjustable on the 2009 Tacoma because it came with a fixed rear axle.

All Regular Cab 4X2s, Except PreRunner

The caster angle can vary from +3.18 degrees to +1.68 degree. The ideal setting is +3.93 with a cross-tolerance of +0.5 degrees. The camber angle can vary from -0.61 degrees to +0.89 degrees, but the ideal setting is +0.14 with a cross-tolerance of +0.5 degrees. The toe-in can range from -0.11 to +0.21, and the ideal setting is +0.08 degrees. The steering axis inclination (SAI) should be set at 10.8 degrees but can range from +10.0 degrees to +11.6 degrees. The ideal turning angle is 38.8/32.5 degrees with a variance of +1.5 degrees.

The Regular Cab PreRunner 4X2

The caster angle can range from +1.0 to +2.50 with the ideal being +1.75 with a cross tolerance of +0.50. The camber can range from -0.80 degrees to +1.30 degrees; the ideal setting is +0.55 degrees with a cross-tolerance of +0.5 degrees. The toe-in on the front should be set at +0.1 degrees but can range from -0.06 degrees to +0.26 degrees. The ideal SAI is +11.9 degrees, with a variance of 0.8 degrees. The ideal turning angle is 40.3/35.9 degrees, with a variance of 1.5 degrees.

All Regular Cab 4X4 Trims

The caster angle can range from +1.03 degrees to +1.53 degrees, with the ideal setting being +0.78 degrees with a cross tolerance of 0.5 degrees. The camber angle can range from -0.21 degrees to +1.29 degrees, with the ideal setting being +0.54 with a cross-tolerance of 0.5 degrees. The ideal toe-in setting is +0.09 degrees but it can range from -0.07 degrees to +0.25 degrees. The SAI should be set at +11.9 degrees, with a variance of 0.8 degrees. The ideal turning angle is 40.3/35.9 degrees, with a variance of 1.5 degrees.

The Cummins 3.9-liter turbo diesel engine is part of the B-series of engines created by Cummins. Its trade name is the Cummins 4BT, a reference to its four cylinders, position as a B-series engine and the addition of a turbocharger. It is manufactured for use in commercial step vans, marine applications and agriculture, among other applications.

Type and Configuration

The 3.9-liter Cummins turbo diesel is an inline four-cylinder engine with four cycles. It features turbocharged aspiration that is not intercooled. The bore is 4.02 inches and the stroke is 4.72 inches. The first cylinder to fire is number one, followed by three, four and two.

Dimensions

The Cummins 4BT is 37.7 inches high, 30.6 inches long and 24.6 inches wide. It weighs between 745 and 782 pounds and has a gross vehicle weight rating of 16,000 pounds. It consumes 7.6 gallons of diesel per hour and the fuel pump operates at between 0.5 psi and 10 psi.

Cooling and Lubrication

The cooling system on the Cummins 3.9-liter engine can hold 8.8 quarts when allowing space for the coolant to expand. The engine thermostat allows temperatures between 181 and 203 degrees Fahrenheit. The oil pressure ranges from 10 psi while idling to 30 to 65 psi at normal operation. The engine can carry up to 10.4 quarts of oil and it can reach a maximum temperature of 250 degrees Fahrenheit.

Intake and Exhaust

The air intake system on the 4BT can pull in 270 cubic feet per minute. The exhaust gas flow is 700 cubic feet per minute at 900 degrees Fahrenheit.

Performance

The 3.9-liter turbocharged engine can produce 150 horsepower at 2,800 rpm and 265 foot-pounds of torque at 1,600 rpm. Its compression ratio is 17.5-to-1. The pistons operate at 2,205 feet per minute and the brake mean effective pressure is 177 psi.

Lincoln originally introduced the Town Car as a trim of the 1969 to 1971 Continental. It became a separate model in 1972 and has since been Lincolns most recognized and successful sedan. It is known not only for the performance of its V-8 engine, but also for its comfortable ride and its wide, spacious six-person seating. The current generation of the Town Car rolled out in 2003. The alignment specs for all trims of the 2010 Lincoln Town Car are the same, and the alignment cannot be adjusted on the rear wheels.

Caster

The caster angle is the measurement of a positive or negative slope in line between the upper and lower steering pivots in a wheel when looking at it from the side of the vehicle. The caster angle is measured in degrees. The limits for the caster angle in the 2010 Lincoln Town Car are +5.45 degrees to +6.95 degrees. The ideal setting for the caster angle is +6.2 degrees.

Camber

The camber is the angle that the tire slants when looked at from the front of the car. If the top of the tire looks like it is tilting inward toward the cars engine, then the camber angle is negative. If it tilts outward away from the engine, then the camber angle is positive. Like the caster angle, the camber angle is measured in degrees. The limits for the camber angle in the 2010 Lincoln Town Car are -1.35 degrees to +.15 degrees, and the ideal setting for the camber angle is -.6 degrees.

Toe-in

The front wheels of many vehicles are angled slightly toward each other at their fronts to help take pressure off of the vehicles suspension. This inward angle is referred to as the "toe-in" and is the measurement of the exact angle the wheels sit in relation to the centerline of the vehicle when viewed from above. The toe-in can also be presented in inches by measuring the distance between the fronts of the two front tires and the distance between the backs of the two front tires, with the difference being the toe-in. The limits for the toe-in in the 2010 Lincoln Town Car are +.13 degrees to +3.7 degrees. The 2010 "Motor Auto Repair Manual" suggests performing a ball-joint inspection when calculating or adjusting the toe-in.

FYI

Please keep in mind that the alignment specs for a vehicle change from year to year, as well as from model to model. Be sure to check your owners manual or speak with a certified mechanic before making any significant repairs or adjustments to your vehicle.

The Plymouth Breeze was a mid-sized automobile produced from 1996 to 2000 and offered with either a 2.0L or 2.4L engine. The vehicle sold well and is still a common sight on the road. If your 1999 Breeze has developed a high-pitch squeal emanating from the rear wheels, you should suspect that a bearing is worn. Proper installation of a wheel bearing requires that you tighten the attaching bolts or lock-nut to the proper torque.

Bearing Overview

The rear suspension of a 1999 Plymouth Breeze uses standard shock absorbers. The rear wheels use sealed type wheel bearings, which are not serviceable. They are designed to last the life of the vehicle, but this is rarely the case. Often the bearings can be damaged, allowing dirt and water to enter. This causes the bearing to wear rapidly, requiring you to eventually replace the bearing.

Rear Wheel Bearing Description

The rear wheel bearings are a combined unit. The five bolts that protrude from the hub flange support the brake drum and wheel and are what the wheel lug nuts attach to. The hub and bearing assembly is attached to the rear knuckle spindle and held on with a single lock nut. If you remove this lock nut for any reason you must replace it with a new one.

Checking the Bearings

Jack up and support the rear of your Plymouth Breeze. Remove the rear wheels and brake drums. Inspect the bearings for grease. Slowly rotate the hubs, feeling for roughness, resistance or lateral movement, any of which may indicate that you need to change the hub/bearing assembly.

Rear Bearing Removal

To remove the rear bearings, first jack up and support the rear of your Plymouth. Remove the rear wheels and brake drums. Use a flat-head screwdriver to pry off each metal hub dust cap. Use a socket wrench to remove the hub lock nuts. Pull the hub/bearing assemblies straight out of the spindles. When reassembling the bearing and hub assemblies, tighten the new lock nuts to 185 foot-pounds. Torque the wheel lug nuts to 95 foot-pounds.

First introduced on the U.S. market in 1982, Sentra is a compact family car manufactured by Nissan and sold worldwide. All Sentra sedans require periodic adjustment, often referred to as "alignment." The factory specifications for the alignment are the same for all 2002 Sentra models. These specifications are given for a vehicle at curb height with one-half tank of fuel.

Camber

Measured in degrees, camber is the outward or inward tilt of the wheel in relation to the center of the vehicle. The Sentra camber angle should be the same on both left and right wheels. Camber angles must be 50.25 degrees with the measuring accuracy of 0.45 degrees on the front wheels and -1.00 degrees with the measuring accuracy of 0.45 degrees on the rear wheels.

Caster

Caster is both the rearward and the forward tilt of the steering knuckle from the true vertical. Caster is the measurement in angles that is responsible for directional stability. The Sentra caster angle should be the same on both rear and front wheels. The angle must be +1.36 degrees with the maximum allowable difference of 0.85 degrees.

Toe

Toe is the difference between the leading and trailing inside edges of the front wheels. Total toe angles on the Sentra models must be +0.11 degrees with measuring range of 0.05 degrees. Toe-in specification should be set at 2 mm with maximum allowable difference of 1 mm.